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  • Pyrotechnicas Index

Pyro-Poetry

  • Making a "Point"
  • Our Little Community
  • Shooting with the Stones
  • Tom Tom
  • Reflections by Bill Withrow

Introduction to Fireworking

Fireworking 101: Beginner's Comprehensive Course in Fireworking

Fireworking 201: Intermediate Course in Fireworking

Fireworking 301: Advanced-Intermediate Course in Fireworking

Fireworking 401

 

Safety and Legality (You know, these articles make great Bathroom Reading Material)

  • General Safety Considerations
  • Basic Safety 101, by Kyle Kepley
  • "Please Help Me! I've Been Burned!" by Lloyd Sponenburgh
  • It Could Have Been Much Worse, a cautionary tale for instructors
  • The Explosion of a Ball Milling Jar, by Lloyd Sponenburgh
  • Hot-Glue Gun Safety Tips
  • How I Burned My Hand
  • Bill Ofca's Safety Manual
  • 10 Commandments of Safety
  • Safety Videos
  • Shoot-Site Safety Gear, by Nate Beeson
  • Electric-Match Safety
  • Combustible-Dust Explosion Hazards
  • Whistle Comp Safety Video
  • An Ongoing list of Accident Reports
  • Legalities
    • Type 4 Indoor Magazine
    • Simple Type 4 Outdoor Magazines
    • Transporting Hobbyist Explosives Legally in the USA
    • US BATFE "Orange Book"
    • PGI Competition Rules Book

Fireworks Types, What do we want to make? The following device type sections are organized, with individual device projects, below:

  • Novelty Items
  • Ground Devices
  • Mid-Level Devices
  • Rockets
  • Aerial Shells

Beginner Fireworking, Turbo-Pyro

Formulas

  • How a Formula is Expressed. How to Work with a Formula
  • The Mixology of Stock Mixes, By Lloyd Sponenburg
    • Stock Mix Worksheet
  • Wouter Visser Pyro Formula Compilation
  • Converting a "Raw Chemicals" Formula to a "BP Base" Formula, from Richardh08

Basic Processes

  • Weighing with Scales
  • Screening
    • Mixing compositions with screens
    • Distributing moisture into a composition, using screens
    • Sorting granule sizes with screens
  • Hand Ramming
  • Pressing in Tubes, using an arbor press or hydraulic press
    • Determining Loading Pressures
  • Ball Milling 101
    • How long should I ball mill black powder?
    • How long should I ball mill charcoal-star composition?
    • Drying Chemicals for Non-Clumping BP Ball Milling.
  • Clay Nozzle and Bulkhead Mix Preparation
  • Paper Tubes, Homemade, and Treating Commercial Tubes
  • Tying Knots, the Clove Hitch
  • Chipboard Discs, Homemade
  • Desiccant Packs, Keeping Compositions and Devices Dry
  • Hand-Rolled Tubes
  • Hand Rolling Strong Tubes, by The Mixer
  • Mixing Flash Powder Using the Diaper Method
  • Potassium Dichromate Treating of Metals
  • Cutting Paper Tubes, Some Different Methods
  • Mesh and Micron Conversion Chart
  • Ematching a Shell Leader

Chemicals

  • Basic Fireworking Chemicals, and sources for them
    • Aluminum powders, general information
  • Making Charcoal; Small Scale, Simple Backyard Charcoal Cooking
    • One-Gallon TLUD Charcoal Cooker
    • 5-Gallon TLUD Charcoal Cooker
    • Cooking Charcoal from Splits of Wood
  • NitroCellulose Lacquer (N/C), commercial and homemade
  • Copper Benzoate Manufacture, By Lee Bussy
  • Phenolic Resin Applications
  • Homemade Magnalium
  • Phenolic-Resin/Hexamine Bound Comets and Stars
  • Substituting phenolic resin for redgum in a composition
  • Treating Metals with Potassium Dichromate
  • Potassium Nitrate, Tech-Grade, Anti-Cake or No Anti-Cake
  • Chlorine Donor Chemicals, by Charley Wilson
  • Tests for the Presence of Chlorates and Perchlorates
  • Chlorates and Sulfur, Concerns
  • Making Wheat Paste from Flour, By Nate B.
  • Metal Particle Shapes and Sizes
  • Cheap Silica Gel Dessicant
  • Great Cat Litter for Nozzles
  • Stearic Acid Clarification, Stearine versus Stearin
  • Common Resins and Binders, Soluble In.....
  • Potassium Perchlorate Impurity Study
  • Nitro-Cellulose Data

Tools

  • Mallets, and a Ramming Post
  • Punches, to make holes in paper discs and shell casings
  • Cork Borer
  • Pull-Saw and Hand Miter-Box, for cutting tubes
  • Razor-Anvil Cutter, for cutting fuses
  • Screens, Their Usage, Types, and Manufacture
  • Measuring Spoons and Cups
  • Paper Dispensers, and rolls of paper
  • Plastic Tubs
  • Precision Measuring; calipers and micrometers
  • Atomizer-Spray-Bottle, for rolling stars
  • Star-Sizing Screens, for consistent sizing of rolled stars
  • Gummed Paper-Tape Dispensers
    • BetterPack 333 Dispenser Modifications, by Lee Bussy
  • TS4000 Propane Torch
  • Gamma-Seal Lids for buckets
  • Nifty Tools for Cutting Paper Tubes
  • Homemade Star Plate, by Paul G.
  • Powder Measure Scoops
  • Duralov Paper Roll Dispenser/Cutter

Machines

  • Scales for Weighing
  • Rocket-Blender, for milling small amounts of individual chemicals
  • Vitamix Blender, for milling larger amounts of individual chemicals
  • Charcoal-Grinder made from a Garbage Disposer
  • Ball Mill (Ballmilling 101)
    • Small Ball Mill
    • Large Ball Mill of my Dreams
    • Casting Lead Media
    • Separation Bucket-Screen, separating material from the media
    • Rebel 17 Ballmill Modifications, by Shawn Ashbaugh
  • Drying Boxes
    • Small and Portable
    • Large and Versatile
  • Presses
    • 1-Ton Arbor Press; modified
    • 3-Ton Dake Arbor Press
    • Hydraulic Bottle-Jack Press; a nice homemade one
    • Force Gauges; homemade and commercial, and Force/Pressure Calculations
    • All-Thread Hydraulic Press with Power Pack
  • Star Roller; a converted cement mixer
  • Cement-Mixer Star-Roller, minimum mods needed
  • Small Homemade Star Roller, Ballmill Combo
  • WASP Machine; for fast paper ball shell taping
    • Manual for Super-Stinger and Mini
    • Ned's WASP Tape Dispenser
  • Making a Hand-Powered Shell Pasting Machine 
  • Nice Small Manual Gummed Kraft Paper Tape Dispenser
  • Dehumidifiers, Air Conditioners, Heaters; for the shop
  • Star Window Shade Paper Tube Cutter
  • Benchtop Dust-Buster, by Doc

Black Powder, the foundation of fireworks, simple and complex

  • A Nice Overview of BP from Scott Jay and Kurt Medlin
  • Making Black Powder
    • Granulated BP, using Denatured Alcohol
    • Granulated BP, using Dextrin/Water
    • Black-Powder Rice-Hulls Coating
  • Testing Black Powder, Pyro-Baseball
  • BP Charcoal Comparison Tests, from Dan Creagan
  • Black-Powder Standard Grain Sizes
  • Detailed BP Grain Size Chart
  • Approximate Densities of Various Types of BP
  • Dave Forster's "How to Make Lift for Shells Using Commercial Airfloat Charcoal

 

Fuse

  • Fuse Types; Visco, Time-Fuse, Blackmatch, Quickmatch
    • Homemade Blackmatch and Quickmatch
    • Time-Fuse Burn-Rate Test
    • Cross-Matching Time-Fuse
  • Spolettes, Homemade Time Fuses
  • Electric Matches; Commercial, Kit, and Homemade
  • Basics of Electric Firing
  • Easy Ematching of Shell Leaders

Novelty Items

  • Skylanterns
    • Making Homemade Skylanterns
    • Launching Skylanterns Electrically
  • Volcano; Ammonium Dichromate
  • Tube Sparklers
  • Senko Hanabi Sparklers
  • Sparklers, Dipped, by Tom Niesen
  • Maroons, Black-Powder Ground Salutes
  • Potato Gun
  • Sparking Airgun Targets, by Bob Forward
  • Campfire Colors
  • How to make triangle crackers
  • Holi-Smokes Daytime Color Effects

Ground Devices

  • Ground Devices Introduction
  • Fountains (Gerbs) Introduction, and Charcoal-Spark Gerbs
    • Metal-Spark Gerbs
    • Blue Steel or Titanium Gerbs
    • Volcano-Cone Fountains
    • Tubri, Indian Clay-Pot Fountains
    • Titanium-Spark Fountains
    • Gold-Glittering Fountains
    • Fairy-Fountains
    • Brilliant Color Gerbs
    • Crackling Fountains
    • Micro-Star Fountains
    • Lloyd's "Quick-Shot" Gerbs
  • Waterfalls
  • 6-Phase Waterfall, from Ken Jasper
  • Lance and Lance-Piece Making
  • Line Rockets
  • Gerb Set-Pieces
  • Flame Projectors
  • Strobe Pots
  • The Musical Salute
  • Flash Pots
  • Colored-Alcohol Flames
  • Wheel Drivers, and Simple Wheels
  • Saxons
  • Chromatropes
  • Color Pots for Wheels
  • Whistles and Whistle Drivers
  • Black-Powder Endburning Drivers
  • Radiena, Maltese Wheels
  • Ground Display Choreography, Competition

Stars and Garnitures

  • Stars and Garnitures Introduction
  • Star-Sizing Guide
  • Testing stars with a star-gun, or with a slingshot
  • Charcoal for Stars; which ones make good sparks?
  • Translated "Spanish Paper" on Star-Making, by Jopetes
  • Star Types
    • Zinc Stars
    • 14 Great Star Formulas, by the Kosankes
    • Veline Color-Star System
    • NX Color-Star Formulas Discussion
    • NX Color-Star Formulas Chart
    • Firefly Stars
    • Charcoal Stars; a Basic Spectrum
    • Great Gold-Glitter Stars
    • Strobe Stars
    • Crackle Stars
    • Mike Swisher's Favorite Stars
    • The Kosanke Collection of Star Formulas
    • PVB-Based Star Compositions, by Ken Ganney /Pyro-Gear
    • Josh's "Red Glitter Stars"
    • Falling Leaves Stars
      • Lew's Falling Leaves
  • Star-Making Techniques
    • Cut Stars
    • Easy Cut Stars, Baggie Method, Potassium-Nitrated Charcoal
    • Loaf-Box Star-Cutting
    • Screen-Sliced Red Rubber Stars
    • Screen-Sliced Rainbow of Color Stars
    • Single-Pumped Stars
    • Phenolic-resin/hexamine bound comets and stars
    • Star-Plate Pumped Stars
    • Priming Large Pumped Stars
    • Making Married Comets, by Paul Moulder
    • Choosing the Right Metal Particle Size for Pumped Compositions
    • Rolling Stars
      • Toro Star Rolling Videos, by Steve Hubing
    • Priming Pumped Stars as They Are Pumped
    • How to Make Falling Leaves, by John Vargo
  • Other Garnitures
    • Pillbox Stars
    • Go-Getters
    • Hummers
    • Whirlwinds
    • Farfalle
    • Falling Leaves
    • Smoke Stars
    • Whistle-to-Report Inserts
    • Whistles, suitable for use as shell inserts
    • Crossette Comets, by Shawn Ashbaugh
    • Crossette Comets with Traditional Shots
    • Dave Forster Pistol-Primer Shots for Crossettes
    • Photo-Flash Inserts
    • Tubular Garniture Types, From Mason
    • Whistle to Report Inserts, for mines/shells/headings, by Rob Westfall
    • Small Reports with Press-In Caps, by Wiley

Mid-Level Devices

  • Comets
    • Making Glitter Comets with Comet Pumps, Commercial and Homemade
    • Large Reloadable Glitter Comets
    • Crackling-Glitter Comets
    • Crossette Comets
    • Phenolic-Resin/Hexamine Bound Comets, by Jim Widmann
    • Breaking Glass Comets
  • Large Mines
  • 1-3/4" Mines
  • Cremora Fireballs, Fuel-Air Explosions
  • Gasoline Mines, and Ghost Mines
  • Roman Candles, the Gary Smith Method
  • Traditional Roman Candles
  • Cakes
  • Speedballs/Zippers/Zips
  • Double-Voiced Crackers, by Ben Smith

Rockets, Girandolas, Tourbillions

  • Rockets Introduction
  • Rough Guide to Rocket Increment Sizes
  • Force Needed to Achieve Loading Pressure
  • Consistent Pressure Rocket Press Chart Creator, from Bob Svenson
  • Paper Tube Burst Strength Tests
  • Keeping Spindle Tip Centered in Tube During Pressing
  • Rocket Tooling
    • Standard BP-Motor Tooling Specifications
    • Rocket Motor Tooling Specifications
    • Motor-Spindle Removal Methods
  • New Bulkhead-Hole-Forming Rammer
  • Tube Supports
    • The "Forster" Brass Tube-Support
  • Rocket Motors
    • Super Bottle Rockets
    • Nozzleless Black-Powder Rockets
    • Nozzleless Black-Powder Motor Thrust Tests
    • Nozzleless Cohete-Type Rockets with Report Headings
    • Nozzled Charcoal-Tailed Motors
    •    -Simple Instructions for 1" ID Charcoal/Glitter Motor
    • EZ, Press-in-1-Go, Tubeless Rocket Motors
    • BP Endburner Motors
      • Powered, Maltese-Style, Endburner Motor Pressing
    • Stinger Missiles
    • Whistle Motors
      • Making Whistle Propellant
      • Standard Whistle Motors
      • Super-Whistle-Fuel Motors
      • Super-Whistle-Fuel Motor Thrust Tests
      • Dan Thames' Whistle Propellant Bag-Mixing
      • Making Whistle Propellant, ned's method
      • Dan Creagan's Whistle Propellant Testing
    • Steve LaDuke's Universal Tooling, Motor-Making Tips
    • Steve LaDuke rolling a tube on his lathe
    • Strobe Motors
    • Colored-Tail Motors
    • Estes Model-Rocket Homemade Motors
      • Estes Motors Thrust Curves
    • Sugar-Fueled Motors
    • Black-Powder with Mineral Oil Propellant, for "Burping" Motors
  • Tube-Buster-Salutes, for a Bottom-Shot and Less Fallout
  • Rocket Sticks
  • Rocket Headings
    • Bag Headings
    • Ball-Shell Headings
    • Simple, Pretty, Cylinder Shell Headings
    • A novel way to make and install cylindrical headings
    • Tom Rebenklau Style Headings
      • #1, Blue Stars and Glitter Comets
      • Adding a Bottom Shot to a TR-Style Heading
      • TR-Style Double-Petal Rocket Heading
      • TR-Style Horsetail Heading
      • TR-Style Go-Getter Heading
      • TR Rocket Making Processes and Tooling
      • TR Crossette Heading Details
  • Rocket-Motor, Cylinder-Shell-Heading, Alignment Jig
  • Donut Comets to adapt headings to rocket motors
  • Quick and easy rocket nosecones
  • Attaching Ball-Shell Headings to Rocket Motors
  • Precision Rocket Heading Timing, from Shawn Ashbaugh
  • Gorgeous Rocket, Gold-Glitter Rising Tail, Graceful Horsetail Heading
  • Rocket Launch Racks, by Tom Rebenklau
  • Folding Rocket Rack
  • Rocket-Design, Scientifically
  • Dave Forster's Tube-Waxing Method
  • Reducing CATO's in Pyrotechnic Rockets, by Dave Forster
  • Tube-Waxing Methods
  • Great Cat Litter for Nozzles
  • Rockets Lifting 6" Ball Shell Headings
  • Tourbillions, Buzz-Bombs, Helicopters
  • Paint-Stick Monocopters, by Dave Gustafson
  • Thai Rockets, Part 1, by Paul Moulder
  • Girandolas
    • Mini Girandolas, Basic Theory
    • Small Girandola Variations
    • Tom Dimock leads a Girandola Discussion
    • Miniature Whistling Girandolas, by Dan Creagan
    • Whistling Girandola
    • Complete Instructions for a Small Whistling Girandola
    • Advanced Girandolas
      • Small Girandola for PGI Competition
      • A Variety of Girandola Horizontal Drivers

Aerial Fireworks Shells

  • Mortars and Racks, firing fireworks shells safely
  • Steel Mortars Safety Considerations
  • Making large HDPE mortars
  • Reinforcing Fiberglass Mortars with Carbon Fiber, and Epoxy
  • Aerial Shells Introduction
  • Shell Weights per Type and Size
  • Shell Lift-Charge Amounts
  • Shell Display-Heights, and Time-Fuse Delays
  • Simple Plastic Shells
    • Lloyd's Method
    • Ping-Pong Mini-Shells
  • Paper Ball Shells
  • Festival-Ball-Size Paper Ball Shells, with rising comet tail
  • Making Ball Shell Lift Cups, by SparkyMyrl
  • Peanut Shells, Part 1
  • Flag-and-Parachute Shell
  • Salutes, made with Black Powder, Dark or Titanium-Spark
  • Binary-Mixing Flash in Salutes
  • Blue Aluminum Binary-Mixed Salutes
  • TPA Burster Compound
  • Making Ball Shell Casings
  • Shell Lift-Charge Mine Shot
  • Closing a Large Ball Shell Using Strap-Clamps
  • Large Ball Shells
    • 12" Crackling-Glitter Shell, with same-effect Large Rising Comet Tail
    • 12" Shell of Shells
    • 12" Giant Silver Palm Tree with Two Red Coconuts
    • Award-Winning Exhibition Ball Shell
    • 12" Willow Diadem Shell
    • Jim Widmann's How-To on Fancy 12" Ball Shells
  • Large Shell Construction, Using Multi-Part Casings
  • Rising Comets on Shells
  • Double-Petal Shells
    • Inner-Petal Centering/Assembly Jig
  • Orienting Shells
  • Ascending Separating Stars Rising Shell Effects
  • Ring-Shell
  • Six-Inch Ball-Shell Shell-of-Shells, by Stewart Irsik
  • 6" Horsetail Ball Shell, Japanese Style
  • Pattern Shells
  • Fitting Cylindrical Inserts, Like Comets, in Ball Shells
  • Cylinder Shell Insert Size Calculator, from ChrisH
  • Simple star/insert calculator, from Soap
  • "Escher's Parasol" Shell
  • Adding a Bottom Shot to a Ball Shell, by Rocketman Tom
  • Saturn Shell
  • "Kaleidoscope" Shell
  • Daytime Shells; Adding-Machine Tape, Toilet Paper
  • Farfalle Shells
  • Lampare
  • Field-Expedient Lampare
  • Memorial Shell, to carry a person's ashes aloft
  • Dense-Packed Willow Diadem Shell/Heading
  • Cylinder Shells
    • 5" Comets-to-Reports, with Bottom-Shot, Shell, by DWC
    • 5" Farfalle Shell
    • 4" Horsetail Shells
    • Bottom-Shot and Report Construction
    • Comet-to-Report Shell Inserts
    • Ned's Assembly of that DWC Shell
    • Lifting and Leadering the DWC Shell
    • "Big Hoss" 16" Sun-and-Planets Cylinder Shell, by Tom Niesen
    • Star/Comet Calculator for Designing Cylinder Shells, from Joe M
    • Paul Moulder's Cylinder Shell Building Tips and Videos
    • Maltese Shell Construction Tips, by Paul Moulder
    • Maltese-style-shells-ned's-exploration
    • Maltese multi-break shells, ned's exploration
    • Maltese-Style 11-Timed Spider Shell, by ned
    • Stutata Shell Inserts, by Italteen3
    • 5" Rinfasciatured 13-timed Ti Spider Shell
    • 5" Rinfasciatured 9-Timed Ti Spider Shell
    • Making Strong, Large Bottom Shots, by Tom Niesen
    • Illustrated Exploration of Fulcanelli 1
      • Black Powder for Cylinder-Shell Construction
      • Polverone, Mike Swisher's Way
      • Cut Stars
      • Chipboard Discs
      • Paste
      • Paper for Cylinder Shells
      • Spolettes
      • String for Spiking (Great discussion in this Thread)
      • String-Tests, Testing Characteristics of Various Spiking Strings
      • Precise Spiking String "Stretch or Relax" Testing
      • Total Spiking Strength Comparisons
      • Spiking Horse
      • A Spiking Station
      • Case Formers for Cylinder Shells
      • Single-Break Shell Assembly
      • Spiking Cylinder Shells
      • Pasting Cylinder Shells
      • Finishing Cylinder Shells
      • Stacked-Pumped-Stars Break
      • Salutes, Simple Stand-Alone
    • Illustrated Personal Exploration of Fulcanelli 2
      • Rinfasciature Pasteless Shell Construction
      • Hand-Rolled Reports
      • 3" Color-and-Report Shell
      • Color-and-Report Shell, 4"
      • Two-Breaks of Color Shell, 4"
      • Small Insert Shells
      • Sun-and-Planets 5" Shell
      • Sfera and Spiderweb Flash-Bag Shells
      • 5", 9-Timed Report Shell
      • 9-Timed Spider Shell
        • 5", 9-Timed Spider Shell, ned's construction
      • 7-1/2" 9-Timed Rinfasciatured Spider Shell, and other similar ones
      • 7-1/2" 9-Timed Rinfasciatured Report Shell

Fireworks Displays; Planning and Setting-Up

  • Electric Firing, Planning and Systems

Class C (1.4g) Fireworks

  • Using 1.4g Fireworks safely and creatively

Recommended Reading

  • Pyrotechnicas Index
  • Best of AFN's Index
  • More Great Books, Indexes

Photographing and Videoing Fireworks

  • New Sony Camera I'm Using

My Favorite Quote